This is a record of an interview with the spirit of Wang Yangming, the renowned Ming Dynasty philosopher who sought at the Hsiang Kuang Buddhist Centre in Australia. He now resides in the . This account reflects upon his life approximately 500 years ago. Recorded by the chief writer, Fa Ning, on March 9, 2026.
Wang Yangming speaks:
"The heavens and the earth are but a manifestation of the heart; all things are but a manifestation of the heart. What is this heart? It is the very root of you and me. Where the heart points, follows; what the heart contemplates, the mouth speaks.
The character for 'heart' has, since ancient times, represented the central axis of the human emotional world. From the perspective of philosophy and the Buddha’s teachings, most people view the heart as the master of the body—what the Buddha’s teachings refer to as the 'Mind-.' The heart governs the body, meaning that every thought—every good deed and every evil act—originates from this single point.
The Essence of the
The 'Heart-Mind' philosophy that I championed throughout my life, when stripped to its essence, is the idea that this heart must remain 'unmoved.' It should not change according to the external environment—not by or anger, sorrow or happiness, or the bitterness and sweetness of life. When this concept was first introduced, it sparked a yearning in generation after generation. Many of my predecessors and I attempted to put this philosophy into action. But I must be honest: looking back, there are very few who truly achieved its essence. Even I, Wang Yangming, did not truly live up to the theories I published.
From a young age, I was an exceptionally sensitive child. I could perceive the changes in the world around me—the rise and fall of events—earlier and more deeply than others. As a child, I had grand ambitions, yet I held little interest in the fame and fortune of the officialdom or the hollow honours of academic life. I certainly wanted to do good for the country and the people, but I believed more in using a simple, transparent heart and practical action to fulfil my duties. I viewed the various states and of the human world as transient; there is no truly eternal happiness, nor is there truly eternal sorrow. I firmly believed that this heart could master the body’s perception of all things, blooming in adversity and remaining unmoved in prosperity.
A Life of Strategy and Conflict
People often ask: what exactly did I spend my life doing? I passed the imperial examinations in my twenties, and from then on, my life was a series of ups and downs in the official world. My life was one of constant turbulence. Much of my activity took place in the southern regions, with Jiangxi as a primary centre. Because of my heightened sensitivity, during my military career, I could easily detect the movements of enemy forces. People say my psychological warfare was top-tier, but no one knew that these tactics were not the result of obsessive thinking. Rather, they were a natural, intuitive sensitivity that allowed me to perceive shifts in the battlefield. This allowed me to win battles with minimal troops and resources, striking at the enemy's weakest points to secure peace for the region.
This was something I was very good at. However, having spent half my life in the military, I undoubtedly created significant negative . This was tied to the many rebellions and the chaotic state of the nation in the south at that time. I always advocated for the strategy of 'capturing the leader to quell the rebellion,' which did indeed reduce the innocent suffering of many enemy soldiers.
The 'Heart-Mind' philosophy and my military career were the two pillars of my life. I truly managed to apply the principles I realized through my philosophy to the battlefield with great effect.
The Illusion of
I have always held Confucian teachings in high regard; Confucius and Mencius were my great teachers from childhood. People often called me rebellious or claimed I did not understand the importance of respecting teachers and the Way, but that was not the case. I worked hard to put the teachings of Confucius and Mencius into action, digesting them into my life and embodying them in my existence.
I did not study the classics word for word before acting; rather, I believed that the spirit of filial piety, loyalty, and integrity was inherent in the nature of every person. If one sincerely returns to this heart—to the original, pure, and kind heart—these beautiful virtues naturally shine forth. One does not need to obsessively study how to achieve them; one should simply calm the heart, find it, and let it return to its original, natural state. That is the core of the Heart-Mind philosophy!
The wars I fought for the imperial court were no different. The heart’s task was to pacify the chaos, so I focused on doing that well without calculating personal gain or loss, without worrying about how others viewed me or whether they understood me, and without dwelling on the hardships of the environment. In truth, if the heart does not perceive the hardship, then the hardship does not exist. I always encouraged my generals and soldiers to hold onto their original intention, to experience the peace and inherent in their hearts, no matter how difficult the circumstances.
A Meeting with Yama and the Path to Deliverance
Wang Yangming, who speaks these words now, is sitting on his own lotus in the Western Dharma-Nature Land. Witnessing the of and Practitioner Su, I immediately realized that I have always belonged to the Buddha’s gate. The core of my life’s work and philosophy actually resonates with the Buddha’s teachings. However, my thoughts were not ultimate, and the principles I put into action were not perfectly complete. Before the Buddha, I am but a humble child; I know so little, and I am so insignificant. The Buddha can penetrate the Universal Principle, the Truth, and the Right Way; He understands the reality of birth, aging, sickness, death—things that I, Wang Yangming, could never achieve in a lifetime.
I am fortunate to know that the Buddha’s gate also speaks of a 'Heart-Mind'—a pure, kind, and ultimate education. Namo Amituofo teaches us to use this heart to lead our Body-Mind-Spirit toward Goodness, to awaken this Buddha-heart, this original heart. This is what Practitioner Su often calls 'give rise to all and achieve the fruit of .' The state I thought was the most natural for the human heart is, in fact, what the Buddha’s gate calls the Buddha-heart. The difference is that my understanding of the Buddha-heart was narrow, whereas the Buddha-heart in the Dharma is truly vast, boundless, and all-encompassing, containing the entire universe.
Not long ago, I heard the words of another great Confucian master from the Western Dharma-Nature Land, my predecessor, Master Zhu Xi. I could hear the mix of joy and sorrow in his heart: joy that he had finally attained the Truth and uncovered the reality of the universe and life; sorrow for the regrets and self-reproach he felt regarding his own life. People know that during my life, I was quite resistant to Zhu Xi’s theories. I could never conform to his rigid rules, and I felt his theories focused too much on the products of intellectual thought rather than returning to human nature. If he sought to achieve inner stability through external study and pursuit, I leaned toward the path of finding answers by returning to the heart that is inherently complete. People say my words are full of Zen—the flavour of the Chan school—so perhaps there are similarities.
The True Compassion of Namo Amituofo
Yet, despite all the theories I spoke of, I could not help people end the cycle of birth, aging, sickness, death or escape the three realms as the Buddha’s teachings can. I could not tell the world the true method for leaving suffering and gaining happiness: recognizing the Buddha, recognizing Namo Amituofo and the Western Land of Ultimate Bliss. That is the true home for the spirit. No matter how much I spoke of my philosophy, there was one obvious imperfection: I did not let go of the 'self,' and I held onto it quite tightly.
Although my principles were not without merit, I had this attachment—an attachment to the principles I had realized, an attachment to 'my heart' and how 'my heart' functioned. I lacked that breadth of mind and openness. I once thought the principles I had realized were the entirety of life, and I took pride in them. Some even thought I had attained the Truth—that I had reached . Ha! Not so, not so! Unless one is a sage or a , perhaps few can see that in the philosophy I preached, there was still that 'self.'
Since arriving in the Western Dharma-Nature Land and listening to the sutras, I have gradually understood that my philosophy contained a 'self' because I had not truly placed the hearts of all beings into my own heart, merging their hearts with mine. This was something I could not perceive before. The compassion of the Buddha lies in the fact that the Buddha has no heart of self; He feels no attachment to the ego. Every word and action of the Buddha is spoken and performed solely for the sake of helping beings leave suffering and gain happiness. This thought of 'only for others, not for oneself' is true compassion—the true thought of and no-mind.
Therefore, I, Wang Yangming, am truly in awe of Namo Amituofo and Practitioner Su! I never imagined that when a person can completely empty their heart—having no self, only beings—they can exert such immense power to help the suffering beings of this world. I never thought that the suffering of the world, the suffering of beings, and my own suffering were actually one. In the past, I could be happy, living in my own life, taking suffering as joy and as a teacher. But the difficulty lies here: when you are in the deepest suffering, do you think of how to put it down, resolve it, and extinguish it? Or do you think of how to help more suffering people find the opportunity to leave suffering behind? I used to advocate for the Heart-Mind philosophy, but I was thinking of the former. When I encountered a situation, I would use my sensitivity to determine the right mindset to achieve perfection and be without obstacles. But I never thought: when others encounter these situations, what happens to them? How do they feel? How can I help them? These were things I had never considered.
The Buddha’s teachings have taught me that the 'selfish heart' is extremely subtle and difficult to perceive. Only by truly following the Buddha’s footsteps, saving all suffering beings, just like the spirit of Practitioner Su—doing it continuously, forgetting oneself—can one understand. It sounds like such a simple principle, but when placed alongside the philosophy I championed all my life, it appears so pure and noble, without a trace of pollution.
Practitioner Su has spent a lifetime working tirelessly, contributing money and effort for the sake of all beings, and protecting the inheritance of the Buddha’s teachings and the Pure Land Dharma Gate. This heart is the embodiment of 'no-mind'; no-mind, immeasurable, and without limits—that is the true Buddha-heart. The Buddha’s compassionate vows are manifested in this. I, Wang Yangming, am deeply moved; I have knelt before the Buddha, reluctant to rise. Looking at the Buddha’s compassionate face, my true Buddha-nature has been awakened once again. This Buddha-nature is so powerful, so vastly different from the philosophy I spent a lifetime realizing.
Coming to the Western Dharma-Nature Land is a truly wondrous thing. I left the human world in my fifties. I remember my body was failing; after a severe illness, my spirit suddenly burst forth from my body and went directly to report before King Yama. King Yama looked at my life and sighed deeply, saying: 'You were a great talent, but it is a pity you had subtle biases. Your heart could not truly forget yourself. Although your spirit is relatively pure, you must now face the killing karma you created. The battlefield is heartless; how will you repay the karma of those you killed?'
I told King Yama that I was willing to pay with my life; even if I were to be cut into a thousand pieces, I would have no complaints. I knew I had killed many on the battlefield, and although it was to protect the country and the people, regardless of the outcome—good or evil—my had come for me. If I needed to suffer the retribution, I was willing. My sincere and earnest heart to repay actually gained the understanding of my karmic creditors, and many of the accusations against me were withdrawn. I believe that the heart I had at that moment was one of sincere repentance, truly without a shred of hypocrisy or a desire to survive through deceit.
Thus, King Yama sent me back to the human world: 'Since your spirit is so clear, why not return to the human world? There are many suffering souls there who might benefit from your guidance, or perhaps you can exert a different kind of power to continue doing good in this space?' I was moved to tears. I never expected that the sincere repentance I offered, combined with the fact that the killing I committed was not for myself but to pacify the country and stabilize the lives of the people, would result in such understanding. The karmic creditors were moved to forgive and let go of their grievances.
So, I returned to the human world, drifting in this space with the heart of a guardian. My sensitivity remained as strong as it was during my life; I could receive news of national events before they happened, or feel them in advance. It was a truly inconceivable experience. I walked through my life sincerely and gracefully, with both good and bad karma, but my heart remained at ease. There were no great afflictions, no great worries. I truly thought I had done well, but in reality, it was not ultimate. Perhaps I did have a subtle sense of arrogance? I would not dwell on what had become of me; I would simply go straight ahead and do what was needed.
Speaking of this, I am still kneeling before Namo Amituofo, grateful for the Buddha’s compassion and Practitioner Su’s compassion. As Practitioner Su used the Twelve Lights of Amitabha to save the vast regions of China, I finally attained true liberation. My spirit arrived at the Western Dharma-Nature Land, and I felt incredibly light. My heart is firm in seeking the Dharma, and listening to the sutras is what I love to do most.
In truth, I always had a heart that was close to the Buddha’s gate; my heart was sincere, at ease, and relatively pure, but it was not 'no-self' and 'selfless' like the Buddha’s, nor did I truly think for the sake of all beings. Am I a bit like the '' practitioners in the Buddha’s gate? I do not know; those words suddenly surfaced in my mind. But now, following Namo Amituofo to learn, I must learn the true Buddhism. 'Living for all beings' is my mission from now on, and I am filled with this sense of mission.
Now, I am filled with Dharma joy before the Buddha. This heart is more stable, peaceful, compassionate, and joyful than ever before. There are no messy thoughts or distractions; I am focused only on learning the skills of Namo Amituofo, chanting 'Namo Amituofo' with a single mind. In the future, I will surely be able to exert great power and save many people. This is the most important thing in learning the Buddha’s teachings. The root and foundation of learning the Buddha’s teachings is saving people.
Grateful to Namo Amituofo and Practitioner Su for their compassion. Grateful to the Hsiang Kuang Pure Land Buddhist Centre in Australia.
Namo Amituofo.
Wang Yangming"
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